From: The independent effects of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes on the pregnancy outcomes
 | Obesity/GDM groups | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy outcome | No Obesity No GDM | GDM No Obesity | Obesity No GDM | Obesity | Â |
 |  |  |  | GDM | p-value |
Caesarean section | 210 (15.4) | 27 (17.4) | 263 (28.4) | 83 (31.9) | <0.001 |
Pre-eclampsia | 7 (0.5) | 3 (1.9) | 14 (1.5) | 9 (3.5) | <0.001 |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.15 ± 1.16 | 38.89 ± 1.00 | 39.17 ± 1.24 | 38.86 ± 1.08 | <0.001 |
APGAR score at 5 min | 8.91 ± 0.69 | 8.93 ± 0.57 | 8.93 ± 0.56 | 8.92 ± 0.69 | 0.90 |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.13 ± 0.44 | 3.17 ± 0.41 | 3.22 ± 0.45 | 3.33 ± 0.54 | <0.001 |
Macrosomia ≥4 kg | 40 (2.9) | 4 (2.6) | 47(5.1) | 32 (12.3) | <0.001 |
Low birth weight <2500Â g | 85 (6.2) | 8 (5.2) | 38 (4.1) | 10 (3.8) | 0.01 |
Newborn length (cm) | 49.65 ± 2.21 | 49.29 ± 4.50 | 49.87 ± 2.70 | 50.0 ± 2.35 | 0.01 |
Newborn head circumference (cm) | 34.23 ± 8.87 | 33.72 ± 3.02 | 34.89 ± 14.05 | 34.37 ± 1.46 | 0.384 |
NICU admission | 61 (4.5) | 9 (5.8) | 48 (5.2) | 15 (5.8) | 0.79 |