Characteristics | Total | Telemedicine | Standard outpatient care |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 156) | (n = 78) | (n = 78) | |
Demographic variables | |||
Male sex | 115 (73.7) | 57 (73.1) | 58 (74.4) |
Age (years) | 65.5 ± 16.3 | 66.3 ± 16.3 | 64.7 ± 16.4 |
Married or Cohabitant | 91 (60.7) | 42 (56.8) | 49 (64.5) |
Education levelb | |||
Primary | 36 (25.5) | 22 (32.4) | 14 (19.2) |
Secondary | 73 (51.8) | 34 (50.0) | 39 (53.4) |
Tertiary | 32 (22.7) | 12 (17.7) | 20 (27.4) |
Employed | 34 (21.9) | 18 (23.4) | 16 (20.5) |
Travel distance > 25 km to hospital | 40 (27.4) | 21 (28.4) | 19 (26.4) |
Lifestyle characteristics | |||
Smoking (yes) | 27 (18.1) | 14 (18.9) | 13 (17.3) |
Subgroups of diabetes | |||
Type 1 diabetes | 35 (22.4) | 11 (14.1) | 24 (30.8) |
Type 2 diabetes | 121 (77.6) | 67 (85.9) | 54 (69.2) |
Diabetes-related variables | |||
Diabetes duration, years | 20.8 ± 15.0 | 19.8 ± 14.1 | 21.8 ± 15.8 |
Insulin treatment | 101 (65.2) | 47 (61.0) | 54 (69.2) |
HbA1c, (mmol/mol)c | 63 ± 18.6 | 63 ± 17.5 | 64 ± 18.6 |
HbA1c, (%)b | 7.9 ± 1.7 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | 8.0 ± 1.7 |
Ulcer characteristics | |||
Localization of ulcer | |||
Toe | 80 (51.3) | 49 (62.7) | 31 (39.8) |
Metatarsal | 23 (14.7) | 8 (10.3) | 15 (19.2) |
Heal | 12 (7.7) | 7 (9.0) | 5 (6.4) |
Other | 41 (26.3) | 14 (18.0) | 27 (34.6) |
Comorbidities | |||
Cardiovascular diseased | 42 (27.3) | 19 (24.7) | 23 (29.9) |
Neuropathye | 102 (70.0) | 51 (70.0) | 51 (70.0) |
Renal disease, GFR < 60 | 58 (37.2) | 31 (39.7) | 27 (34.6) |
Retinopathy | 53 (37.1) | 23 (31.9) | 30 (42.3) |
Ulcer endpoints | |||
Healing | 124 (79.5) | 64 (82.1) | 60 (76.9) |
Amputation | 15 (9.6) | 4 (5.1) | 11 (14.1) |
Death | 9 (5.8) | 4 (5.1) | 5 (6.4) |
Not healed after 12 months | 8 (5.1) | 6 (7.8) | 2 (2.6) |