Table 1 Characteristics of study participants according to MUAC quartiles

MUAC (cm)

24.93 ± 1.53

27.78 ± 0.56

29.61 ± 0.53

32.53 ± 1.72

Age (years) ^b

55.59 ± 8.21

56.06 ± 7.81

56.53 ± 7.62

56.47 ± 7.59

Male (%) ^b

24.0

29.1

37.1

39.1

Smoking (yes, %)

14.3

17.2

18.1

19.9

Alcohol (yes, %)

18.1

24.5

26.0

28.1

 0–6 years

20.7

21.7

21.8

25.4

 7–9 years

50.0

49.1

48.6

48.2

  ≥ 10 years

29.3

29.2

29.6

26.4

 Low

70.8

72.5

71.6

72.2

 Moderate

21.4

19.6

21.2

19.7

 High

7.8

7.9

7.2

8.1

SBP (mm Hg)

126.96 ± 19.00

129.72 ± 18.42

132.23 ± 17.76

134.55 ± 18.94

DBP (mm Hg)

79.02 ± 9.51

80.29 ± 9.71

81.13 ± 9.50

82.50 ± 9.40

BMI (kg/m²)

22.79 ± 2.90

24.47 ± 2.48

25.46 ± 2.61

26.94 ± 3.08

Waist circumference (cm)

78.38 ± 11.41

82.94 ± 8.49

86.54 ± 8.75

91.11 ± 8.77

Waist to hip ratio

0.86 ± 0.08

0.87 ± 0.09

0.89 ± 0.17

0.90 ± 0.07

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

6.20 ± 1.82

6.23 ± 1.73

6.33 ± 1.65

6.38 ± 1.52

2-h glucose (mmol/L)

8.30 ± 4.01

8.61 ± 3.94

8.91 ± 3.79

9.18 ± 3.73

Insulin (mU/L) ^c

6.25 (3.90–7.20)

7.18 (4.50–8.50)

7.75 (5.20–9.20)

9.40 (6.10–11.50)

HOMA-IR ^c

1.70 (0.98–1.99)

2.00 (1.22–2.45)

2.22 (1.38–2.68)

2.70 (1.65–3.38)

CRP (ug/ml)

4.79 ± 5.74

4.94 ± 5.85

5.13 ± 6.12

5.24 ± 6.27

Adiponectin (ug/ml)

12.34 (7.92–15.67)

10.93 (6.72–13.15)

8.17 (5.24–11.33)

6.29 (4.78–9.75)

Triglycerides (mmol/L) ^c

1.44 (0.83–1.66)

1.67 (0.94–1.94)

1.83 (1.03–2.13)

1.96 (1.12–2.34)

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.64 ± 1.05

4.62 ± 1.03

4.65 ± 1.04

4.67 ± 1.03

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.58 ± 0.78

2.59 ± 0.76

2.63 ± 0.77

2.65 ± 0.76

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.32 ± 0.34

1.23 ± 0.32

1.19 ± 0.30

1.16 ± 0.28

Hypertension

20.8

25.0

31.4

36.9

Hyperlipidemia

2.8

3.4

5.8

6.2

Diabetes

8.8

9.3

10.8

10.8

CVD ^d

2.6

3.9

3.2

4.1