Table 1 Clinical characteristics and main outcome in the non-GDM and GDM groups

Age (years)

29 (26, 32)

29 (26, 33)

0.171

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

21.23 (19.56, 23.24)

22.32 (20.20, 24.17)

0.001*

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

110 (104, 120)

112 (102, 120)

0.294

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

70 (65, 75)

70 (65, 78)

0.673

HbA1c (%)

4.80 (4.50, 4.90)

4.90 (4.40, 5.20)

< 0.001**

FPG (mmol/L)

4.20 (4.00, 4.50)

4.90 (4.40, 5.65)

< 0.001**

1-h PG (mmol/L)

6.70 (5.70, 7.95)

9.80 (7.78, 10.90)

< 0.001**

2-h PG (mmol/L)

6.30 (5.40, 6.90)

8.50 (6.13, 9.20)

< 0.001**

FINS (mU/L)

8.72 (5.96, 12.98)

10.26 (6.69, 15.46)

0.010*

1-h INS (mU/L)

61.49 (42.55, 86.39)

74.00 (48.65, 117.00)

0.010*

2-h INS (mU/L)

60.70 (39.81, 82.71)

84.06 (51.94, 133.75)

< 0.001**

HOMA-IR

1.64 (1.09, 2.51)

2.20 (1.46, 3.84)

< 0.001**

HOM-AB

3.68 (1.73, 3.68)

1.75 (0.94, 2.56)

< 0.001**

ALT (U/L)

15 (11, 23)

13 (10.00, 22)

0.301

Total bilirubin (μmol/L)

8.00 (6.90,10.00)

8.00 (6.25,9.69)

0.569

Creatinine (umol/L)

46 (43, 51)

47 (42, 51)

0.494

Uric acid (μmol/L)

213 (184,259)

230 (195,256)

0.130

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

2.17 (1.73,2.80)

2.41 (1.90,3.11)

0.023*

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

6.07 (5.53, 6.82)

5.97 (5.27, 6.66)

0.093

White blood cell (× 10⁹/L)

9.12 ± 2.02

9.90 ± 2.07

< 0.001*

Platelet count (×10⁹/L)

217.50 ± 48.21

224.07 ± 42.06

0.061

Parity

2 (1,2)

1 (1,2)

0.439

Weight gain during pregnancy (Kg)

Systolic pressure before delivery (mmHg)

15.85 ± 5.37

120 (110,126)

14.09 ± 6.47

120 (117,127)

0.014*

0.135

Fetus birth weight (g)

3398.92 ± 461.79

3542.10 ± 448.09

0.003*

PROM (n,%)

22 (7.6)

19 (13.29)

0.033*

Macrosomia (n,%)

20 (6.99)

24 (16.78)

0.004*

Fetal distress in the uterus (n,%)

25 (8.74)

13 (0.091)

0.991