Table 1 Characteristics and early pregnancy metabolic factors of participants with and without GDM history by excluding PGDM
GDM history | No GDM history | p-value† | |
|---|---|---|---|
Basic characteristics | |||
N | 806 | 9230 | |
Age, year, mean ± SD | 35.43 ± 3.33 | 35.08 ± 3.57 | 0.007 |
Gravidity | 0.4 | ||
2nd, n(%) | 376 (46.65) | 4443 (48.14) | |
3rd or more, n(%) | 430 (53.35) | 4787 (51.86) | |
Parity | 0.1 | ||
2nd, n(%) | 770 (95.53) | 8912 (96.55) | |
3rd or more, n(%) | 36 (4.47) | 318 (3.45) | |
Interval between the two pregnancies, mean ± SD | 5.03 ± 2.60 | 6.50 ± 3.43 | < 0.0001 |
Adverse pregnancy history | |||
History of gestational hypertension, n(%) | 51 (6.33) | 283 (3.07) | < 0.0001 |
History of fetal macrosomia, n(%) | 76 (9.43) | 602 (6.52) | 0.002 |
History of fetal low birth weight, n(%) | 3 (0.37) | 39 (0.42) | 0.8 |
Family history of T2DM, n(%) | 229 (28.41) | 1240 (13.43) | < 0.0001 |
PCOS, n(%) | 44 (5.46) | 228 (2.47) | < 0.0001 |
Maternal birthweight | < 0.0001 | ||
< 2500 g, n(%) | 52 (6.45) | 317 (3.43) | |
2500 g ~ 3999 g, n(%) | 697 (86.48) | 8050 (87.22) | |
≥ 4000 g, n(%) | 57 (7.07) | 863 (9.35) | |
Height, cm, mean ± SD | 162.0 ± 4.9 | 162.5 ± 4.8 | 0.02 |
Pre-pregnancy weight, kg, mean ± SD | 60.3 ± 9.9 | 58.6 ± 9.0 | < 0.0001 |
PPBMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 22.9 ± 3.4 | 22.2 ± 3.2 | < 0.0001 |
Early pregnancy weight gain, kg, mean ± SD | 1.0 ± 1.7 | 1.0 ± 1.8 | 0.8 |
Gestational age of weight gain measured, week, mean ± SD | 8.1 ± 2.1 | 8.4 ± 2.4 | 0.007 |
hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy, n(%) | 58 (7.20) | 577 (6.25) | 0.3 |
Glycolipid index | |||
Early pregnancy metabolic factors | |||
FBG, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 4.89 ± 0.44 | 4.70 ± 0.36 | < 0.0001 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 4.30 ± 0.72 | 4.26 ± 0.73 | 0.2 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 1.33 ± 0.60 | 1.19 ± 0.55 | < 0.0001 |
High density lipoprotein-cholesterol, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 1.50 ± 0.32 | 1.57 ± 0.33 | < 0.0001 |
Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 2.24 ± 0.58 | 2.17 ± 0.58 | 0.0002 |
GDM diagnosed during 24 ~ 28 weeks of gestation, n(%) | 423 (48.34) | 1484 (16.00) | < 0.0001 |
OGTT values in previous normoglycemic participants during 24 ~ 28 weeks of gestation | |||
Fasting blood glucose level, mmol/L | 4.80 ± 0.52 | 4.50 ± 0.41 | < 0.0001 |
1 h blood glucose level, mmol/L | 9.07 ± 1.74 | 7.59 ± 1.61 | < 0.0001 |
2 h blood glucose level, mmol/L | 7.54 ± 1.60 | 6.56 ± 1.29 | < 0.0001 |