Table 1 General characteristics and anthropometric measurements of study participants across different tertiels of dietary choline, betaine and total choline and betaine intake
Variables | Total choline | Total betaine | Total choline and betaine | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (n = 40) | T2 (n = 40) | T3 (n = 40) | *P | **P | T1 (n = 40) | T2 (n = 40) | T3 (n = 40) | *P | **P | T1 (n = 40) | T2 (n = 40) | T3 (n = 40) | *P | **P | |
Age (year) | 25.13(4.02) | 22.97(4.07) | 22.48(3.48) | 0.007 | 0.104 | 24.39(4.32) | 23.22(4.03) | 22.92(3.58) | 0.233 | 0.743 | 25.10(4.46) | 22.67(3.49) | 22.75(3.60) | 0.008 | 0.067 |
Gender (male %) | 15(39.5) | 20(50.0) | 28(68.3) | 0.010 | - | 11(28.9) | 19(47.5) | 33(80.5) | < 0.001 | - | 12(31.6) | 22(56.4) | 29(70.7) | 0.001 | - |
Marital status (single %) | 34(89.5) | 36(90.0) | 38(92.7) | 0.621 | - | 34(89.5) | 37(92.5) | 37(90.2) | 0.915 | - | 34(89.5) | 36(92.3) | 37(90.2) | 0.914 | - |
Education (university graduate %) | 21(55.3) | 6(15.0) | 7(17.1) | < 0.001 | - | 14(36.8) | 12(30.0) | 8(19.5) | 0.089 | - | 19(50.0) | 8(20.5) | 6(14.6) | 0.001 | - |
Occupation status (student %) | 32(84.2) | 35(87.5) | 35(85.4) | 0.891 | - | 31(81.6) | 36(90.0) | 35(85.4) | 0.647 | - | 31(81.6) | 34(87.2) | 36(87.8) | 0.438 | - |
Weight (kg) | 68.43(15.11) | 68.01(13.45) | 74.68(13.91) | 0.064 | 0.622 | 65.38(14.91) | 69.31(12.63) | 76.24(13.71) | 0.002 | 0.045b | 66.30(14.62) | 67.08(11.34) | 77.85(14.25) | < 0.001 | 0.038b |
Height (cm) | 169.80(9.35) | 169.26(10.00) | 175.93(8.38) | 0.002 | 0.347 | 166.96(8.81) | 170.41(8.22) | 177.45(9.04) | < 0.001 | 0.001b | 167.94(8.76) | 170.53(9.35) | 176.62(9.00) | < 0.001 | 0.183 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.42(3.77) | 23.45(3.42) | 23.82(3.83) | 0.862 | 0.967 | 23.11(3.74) | 23.62(3.69) | 23.96(3.57) | 0.586 | 0.670 | 23.20(3.65) | 22.90(3.37) | 24.61(3.78) | 0.083 | 0.161 |
MAC (cm) | 28.23(3.96) | 28.33(3.25) | 29.54(3.67) | 0.202 | 0.883 | 27.36(3.68) | 28.65(3.41) | 30.04(3.45) | 0.004 | 0.038a | 27.78(3.81) | 28.03(3.40) | 30.32(3.27) | 0.002 | 0.110 |
WC (cm) | 77.76(9.83) | 76.33(8.48) | 80.28(8.18) | 0.131 | 0.208 | 75.42(9.24) | 79.20(9.21) | 79.65(7.89) | 0.070 | 0.115 | 76.73(9.42) | 75.68(7.89) | 82.00(8.27) | 0.003 | 0.005b |
HC (cm) | 100.39(7.12) | 99.51(6.82) | 100.54(8.04) | 0.794 | 0.817 | 99.46(7.02) | 99.62(7.50) | 101.30(7.41) | 0.461 | 0.429 | 99.89(6.97) | 98.40(6.70) | 102.15(7.87) | 0.068 | 0.149 |
THC (cm) | 57.27(5.09) | 56.43(5.80) | 56.70(6.36) | 0.809 | 0.480 | 57.46(5.40) | 56.45(6.04) | 56.52(5.86) | 0.694 | 0.853 | 57.24(5.14) | 55.73(5.80) | 57.42(6.25) | 0.359 | 0.162 |
CC (cm) | 36.78(3.56) | 36.75(3.75) | 37.28(3.40) | 0.760 | 0.810 | 36.53(3.69) | 36.81(3.68) | 37.45(3.31) | 0.505 | 0.525 | 36.56(3.42) | 36.55(3.66) | 37.71(3.52) | 0.284 | 0.333 |
WHR (cm) | 0.77(0.06) | 0.76(0.07) | 0.79(0.04) | 0.057 | 0.114 | 0.75(0.05) | 0.79(0.06) | 0.78(0.05) | 0.020 | 0.044b | 0.76(0.06) | 0.77(0.06) | 0.80(0.04) | 0.012 | 0.011b |
PA (met-hour/week) | 5.52 (2.03) | 7.82 (6.29) | 11.22 (8.48) | < 0.001 | 0.703 | 6.13 (3.56) | 7.99 (6.30) | 10.48 (8.41) | 0.013 | 0.874 | 5.65 (2.09) | 7.94 (6.70) | 11.11 (8.34) | 0.001 | 0.839 |