Table 2 Body composition parameters of study participants across different tertiels of dietary choline, betaine and total choline and betaine intake

FM (kg)

16.51 (7.84)

14.60 (6.25)

14.09 (7.48)

0.289

0.834

16.13 (7.85)

15.28 (6.52)

13.78 (7.26)

0.334

0.857

16.67 (7.84)

13.36 (5.21)

15.18 (8.10)

0.119

0.092

FFM (kg)

51.62 (10.67)

52.62 (11.12)

59.77 (11.11)

0.002

0.665

49.04 (10.43)

53.26 (9.68)

61.66 (10.71)

< 0.001

0.002^a

49.79 (10.05)

53.14 (9.93)

61.04 (11.55)

< 0.001

0.047^a

FFM (%)

76.28 (7.29)

78.37 (7.72)

81.30 (8.51)

0.018

0.901

75.79 (7.40)

78.02 (7.46)

82.13 (8.17)

0.001

0.116

75.49 (7.30)

80.14 (7.14)

80.53 (8.82)

0.007

0.160

MM (kg)

49.02 (10.17)

49.97 (10.60)

56.73 (10.59)

0.002

0.685

46.56 (9.95)

50.58 (9.22)

58.52 (10.23)

< 0.001

0.002^a

47.28 (9.58)

50.46 (9.47)

57.94 (11.02)

< 0.001

0.064

BM (kg)

2.59 (0.49)

2.65 (0.51)

2.98 (0.51)

0.002

0.696

2.47 (0.48)

2.68 (0.45)

3.07 (0.49)

< 0.001

0.001^a

2.51 (0.47)

2.67 (0.46)

3.04 (0.53)

< 0.001

0.041^a

SMM (kg)

29.30 (6.46)

30.32 (7.16)

40.21 (32.27)

0.023

0.110

27.84 (6.47)

35.82 (32.76)

36.14 (6.99)

0.107

0.318

28.16 (6.11)

35.97 (32.78)

35.67 (7.56)

0.139

0.341

FM (%)

23.71 (7.29)

21.62 (7.71)

18.67 (8.53)

0.017

0.902

24.21 (7.39)

21.97 (7.45)

17.84 (8.20)

0.001

0.114

24.50 (7.29)

20.09 (7.19)

19.44 (8.85)

0.008

0.163

MA (year)

23.70 (12.46)

21.29 (9.26)

20.40 (9.41)

0.349

0.850

22.47 (12.21)

22.39 (10.03)

20.50 (9.10)

0.638

0.857

23.87 (12.45)

19.80 (8.71)

21.75 (9.81)

0.219

0.155