Table 4 Biochemical parameters of study participants across different tertiels of dietary choline, betaine and total choline and betaine intake

FBS (mg/dl)

70.83 (8.33)

70.97 (7.80)

69.70 (6.86)

0.832

0.538

70.59 (8.00)

70.65 (7.94)

70.26 (7.15)

0.969

0.499

70.08 (8.20)

72.16 (7.23)

69.25 (7.36)

0.209

0.075

Insulin (µ IU/ml)

10.45 (10.09)

8.94 (5.01)

9.41 (5.97)

0.881

0.572

11.54 (10.37)

8.86 (4.17)

8.43 (5.08)

0.116

0.175

10.47 (10.13)

9.33 (5.94)

9.00 (4.97)

0.641

0.620

TC (mg/dl)

208.06 (61.71)

205.19 (56.79)

185.95 (53.51)

0.172

0.671

209.40 (44.93)

218.17 (65.20)

171.67 (51.25)

< 0.001

0.032^b

206.44 (52.65)

208.44 (63.26)

184.29 (54.97)

0.110

0.150

HDL (mg/dl)

47.76 (11.36)

50.73 (11.88)

48.40 (11.07)

0.469

0.524

45.43 (9.34)

52.16 (11.89)

49.25 (12.05)

0.028

0.049^a

46.48 (11.39)

50.93 (10.91)

49.45 (11.78)

0.205

0.545

LDL (mg/dl)

135.21 (67.72)

127.34 (59.52)

113.67 (53.70)

0.272

0.784

141.30 (46.56)

138.84 (70.47)

96.23 (52.44)

0.001

0.183

136.82 (60.70)

130.66 (61.88)

10,878 (57.24)

0.090

0.428

TG (mg/dl)

125.44 (80.83)

135.54 (64.16)

119.39 (63.97)

0.399

0.272

113.35 (66.02)

135.79 (75.95)

130.94 (66.45)

0.317

0.312

115.65 (81.38)

134.19 (57.36)

130.29 (69.11)

0.456

0.325

CK (U/L)

209.51 (67.49)

201.80 (76.43)

345.40 (543.41)

0.174

0.092

198.03 (77.09)

270.60 (333.84)

287.80 (443.93)

0.423

0.582

200.28 (69.20)

219.00 (78.44)

337.20 (544.84)

0.118

0.142

HOMA-IR

1.86 (1.89)

1.57 (0.91)

1.64 (1.07)

0.912

0.573

2.05 (2.00)

1.56 (0.80)

1.46 (0.87)

0.111

0.143

1.85 (1.90)

1.63 (1.07)

1.55 (0.88)

0.591

0.544

QUICKI

0.36 (0.03)

0.36 (0.03)

0.37 (0.04)

0.912

0.624

0.36 (0.03)

0.36 (0.03)

0.37 (0.04)

0.179

0.226

0.36 (0.03)

0.36 (0.03)

0.37 (0.04)

0.623

0.425