Dietary carbohydrate quality index (CQI), cardio-metabolic risk factors and insulin resistance among adults with obesity

Nikrad, Negin; Hosseini, Babak; Pakmehr, Azin; Tousi, Ayda Zahiri; Ardekani, Abnoos Mokhtari; Farhangi, Mahdieh Abbasalizad; Akhavan-Sigari, Reza

doi:10.1186/s12902-023-01420-4

Table 1 General demographic characteristics of study participants by quartiles of CQI

From: Dietary carbohydrate quality index (CQI), cardio-metabolic risk factors and insulin resistance among adults with obesity

Variable	Quartiles of CQI								P* value	P trend
	1st ^(N=86)		2nd ^(N=85)		3rd ^(N=84)		4th ^(N=81)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age (y)	39.54	9.24	40.18	9.00	41.71	9.48	41.13	8.82	0.40	0.03
P	-		0.96		0.37		0.71		0.40	0.03
Gender (% Male)	64.64	48.05	66.30	47.52	44.70	50.01	50	50.42	< 0.01**	< 0.01
P	-		0.99		0.03		0.26		< 0.01**	< 0.01
BMI (kg/m²)	31.88	5.25	32.44	4.44	33.01	4.67	33.72	4.61	0.10	0.96
P			0.85		0.38		0.08		0.10	0.96
WC (cm)	106.51	9.05	107.35	10.02	105.54	9.72	107.55	9.70	0.54	0.52
P	-		0.93		0.90		0.91		0.54	0.52
FM (%)	33.00	11.45	34.19	7.68	33.27	7.89	34.53	9.69	0.83	0.08
P	-		0.92		0.99		0.87		0.83	0.08
FFM (%)	65.30	12.22	62.34	11.64	60.55	13.03	61.19	12.49	0.27	0.08
P	-		0.65		0.25		0.43		0.27	0.08
WHR	0.94	0.076	0.93	0.084	0.92	0.072	0.93	0.06	0.43	0.88
P	-		0.91		0.37		0.76		0.43	0.88
SES	10.76	2.48	10.30	2.26	9.64	2.27	9.17	2.79	0.01	0.01
P	-		0.78		0.12		0.01		0.01	0.01
Appetite	33.90	8.72	32.15	9.27	35.21	9.01	33.05	8.69	0.35	0.29
P	-		0.77		0.89		0.97		0.35	0.29
BMR (Kcal)	8285.23	1429.68	7813.42	1720.35	7715.11	1533.84	7785.30	1479.51	0.29	0.88
P	-		0.45		0.29		0.46		0.29	0.88
SBP (mmHg)	125.63	13.16	122.38	14.57	119.11	20.83	122.96	14.77	0.05***	0.53
P	-		0.50		0.03		0.74		0.05***	0.53
DBP (mmHg)	83.60	9.92	81.75	10.77	78.51	14.43	81.76	9.87	0.02***	0.86
P	-		0.67		0.01		0.76		0.02***	0.86
FBS (mg/dl)	95.12	26.47	90.84	12.26	92.37	18.88	92.05	14.64	0.48***	0.96
P	-		0.42		0.77		0.76		0.48***	0.96
TC (mg/dl)	193.31	39.54	192.70	35.84	190.62	37.55	189.40	33.22	0.90***	0.06
P	-		0.99		0.96		0.91		0.90***	0.06
TG (mg/dl)	167.60	84.65	149.78	121.01	141.09	77.90	138.10	76.57	0.15***	0.22
P	-		0.55		0.22		0.21		0.15***	0.22
HDL (mg/dl)	43.33	9.42	42.90	10.06	44.44	8.88	43.66	9.95	0.74***	0.60
P	-		0.99		0.86		0.99		0.74***	0.60
LDL (mg/dl)	124.53	34.30	124.83	31.16	121.62	32.04	122.54	30.23	0.89***	0.55
P	-		0.99		0.92		0.98		0.89***	0.55
Insulin (mIU/l)	17.52	12.68	15.22	9.93	17.48	19.73	13.17	7.57	0.27***	0.95
P	-		0.76		0.99		0.32		0.27***	0.95
HOMA-IR	4.20	3.38	3.44	2.55	4.09	4.34	3.02	1.80	0.17***	0.71
P	-		0.52		0.99		0.29		0.17***	0.71
QUICKI	0.32	0.037	0.33	0.033	0.32	0.036	0.33	0.037	0.36***	0.01
P	-		0.75		0.86		0.28		0.36***	0.01

CQI, carbohydrate quality index; BMI, Body mass index; WC, Waist Circumference; FM, Fat Mass; FFM, Fat Free Mass; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; BMR, Basal Metabolic Rate; SES, socio-economic status; SBP, Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP, Diastolic Blood Pressure; FBS, fasting blood glucose; TC, Total Cholesterol; TG, Triglyceride; HDL-C, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; LDL-C, Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; QUICKI, Quantitative Insulin sensitivity Check Index; all data are mean (± SD) except gender, that is presented as percent of males in each group. P* values derived from One-Way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc comparisons. P** values derived from chi-squared test. P*** values derived from One-Way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc comparisons after adjustment for confounders (age, gender, BMI, PA and kcal). P**** for differences among CQI quartiles from the first quartile (ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test)

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ISSN: 1472-6823

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