Table 2 Univariable assessment of risk factors of diabetic foot ulcer incidence and comparison between patients with and without DFU based on qualitative variables

Gender

Female

Male

525(58.3)

376(41.7)

38(7.2)

34(9)

487(92.8)

342(91)

Reference

1.27(0.79,2.07)

0.326

Education

Illiterate

≤High school Diploma

University degree

229(25.4)

595(66)

77(8.5)

24(10.5)

39(6.6)

9(11.7)

205(89.5)

556(93.4)

68(88.3)

0.89(0.39,1.99)

053(0.25,1.14)

Reference

0.768

0.105

Ethnicity

Fars

Arab

Lor

other

241(26.7)

500(55.5)

137(15.2)

23(2.6)

18(7.5)

45(9)

8(5.8)

1(4.3)

223(92.5)

455(91)

129(94.2)

22(95.7)

1.3(0.55,3.08)

1.59(0.73,3.47)

Reference

0.73(0.09,6.15)

0.548

0.239

0.775

Marital status

Single

Married

Divorced or widow

26(2.9)

539(93.1)

36(4)

2(7.7)

67(8)

3(8.3)

24(92.3)

772(92)

33(91.7)

Reference

1.04(0.24,4.5)

1.09(0.17,7.04)

0.957

0.927

Smoking status

Smoker

Ex-smoker

Non-smoker

44(4.9)

66(7.3)

791(87.8)

6(13.6)

7(10.6)

59(7.5)

38(86.4)

59(89.4)

732(92.5)

1.96(0.79,4.82)

1.47(0.64,3.37)

Reference

0.144

0.360

Neuropathy

Yes

No

332(36.8)

569(63.2)

35(10.5)

37(6.5)

297(89.5)

532(93.5)

1.69(1.05,2.75)

Reference

0.033

Nephropathy

Yes

No

56(6.2)

845(93.8)

6(10.7)

66(7.8)

50(89.3)

779(92.2)

1.42(0.59,3.43)

Reference

0.440

Retinopathy

Yes

No

204(22.6)

697(77.4)

18(8.8)

54(7.7)

186(91.2)

643(92.3)

1.15(0.66,2.01)

Reference

0.618

History of previous DFU or Amputation

Yes

No

55(6.1)

846(93.9)

41(74.5)

31(3.7)

14(25.5)

815(96.3)

76.99(38.05,155.79)

Reference

< 0.001

Oral glycemic agents consumption

Yes

No

662(73.5)

239(26.5)

51(7.7)

21(8.8)

611(92.3)

218(91.2)

Reference

1.15(0.68,1.96)

0.597

Insulin consumption

Yes

No

260(28.9)

641(71.1)

27(10.4)

45(7)

233(89.5)

596(93)

1.54(0.93,2.53)

Reference

0.093

Foot Deformity

Yes

No

93(10.3)

808(89.7)

11(11.8)

61(7.5)

82(88.2)

747(92.5)

1.64(0.83,3.25)

Reference

0.153

ABI

Normal

Abnormal

884(98.1)

17(1.9)

69(7.8)

3(17.6)

815(92.2)

14(82.4)

Reference

2.53(0.71,9.02)

0.152

Exercise

Yes

No

271(30.1)

630(69.9)

12(4.4)

60(9.5)

259(95.6)

570(90.5)

Reference

2.27(1.2,4.3)

0.012

Preventive foot care

Yes

No

111(12.3)

790(87.7)

13(11.7)

59(7.5)

98(88.3)

731(92.5)

1.64(0.87,3.11)

Reference

0.126

Patient education on foot care

Yes

No

312(34.6)

589(65.4)

14(4.5)

58(9.8)

298(95.5)

531(90.2)

Reference

2.33(1.28,4.24)

0.006

Ill-fitting footwear

Yes

No

360(40)

541(60)

59(16.4)

13(2.4)

301(83.6)

528(97.6)

7.29(4.29,14.75)

Reference

< 0.001